SML English Grammar & Usage

Dangling Prepositions   What is a dangling preposition? A dangling preposition (also called a hanging preposition or stranded preposition) refers to a preposition whose object occurs earlier in the sentence, or else does not have an object in the sentence at all. It is left “dangling,” “hanging,” or “stranded” because it does not form a complete prepositional phrase. Despite what you may have been taught, it’s a myth that ending a sentence or clause with a preposition is an error. We’ll discuss that myth—and its origin—later in the article. Encountering dangling prepositions Remember that a preposition expresses a relationship (as of time, space, distance, causation, etc.) between a noun or pronoun (the object of the preposition) and another element in the sentence. Dangling prepositions generally occur with prepositional verbs or phrasal verbs. These are verb constructions that require prepositions to complete their meaning. For example, you don’t talk someone, you ...

THE STORY OF ENGLISH IN 100 Words by DAVID CRYSTAL (E-BOOK) I have herewith attached the PDF of the Ebook, The Story of English in 100 words written by David Crystal First published in Great Britain in 2011 by PROFILE BOOKS LTD 3A Exmouth House Pine Street London EC1R 0JH www.profilebooks.com   View PDF

TOEFL vs IELTS The TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) and IELTS (International English Language Testing System) are two of the most widely-accepted tests to certify your English proficiency . The decision to take the TOEFL vs IELTS will ultimately depend on a number of factors. At this point, you may even be asking, “What is the TOEFL test?” or “What is the IELTS?” Read on to discover which test is best for you. Exam TOEFL IELTS Length About 4 hours long 2 hours and 45 minutes long Locations Available at over 500 locations in the US, over 4,500 worldwide Available at 59 locations in the US, about 900 worldwide Price Cost is usually between 160 and 200 USD Cost varies widely even within the same country; usually is around 200 USD Scoring Score on a sliding scale from 0 to 120 Score in any of 9 "bands," or level...

All You Need to Know about Language Certificates Already if you are choosing an international oriented programme in your home country, but at latest when you are applying for a study programme abroad you will most likely need a language certificate, proving that you have sufficient knowledge of the language you need for your studies. Since there are several certificates out there, this article gives an overview. Depending on the universities you choose, there can be different requirements concerning the language certificate. Because a certificate does not only cost money but also time to prepare, it is wise to choose a certificate which is widely accepted and fits your needs! Make also sure, that you start preparing and taking your language test early enough in order to meet your deadlines. Preparation, taking the test and receiving the results usually takes several weeks! Language Levels The Common European Framework (CEFR), divides learners into six different levels: ...

Test of English as a Foreign Language "TOEFL" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Teaching of English as a foreign language . Test of English as a Foreign Language ( TOEFL )is a standardized test to measure the English language ability of non-native speakers wishing to enroll in English-speaking universities. The test is accepted by many English-speaking academic and professional institutions. TOEFL is one of the two major English-language tests in the world, the other being the IELTS . TOEFL is a trademark of the Educational Testing Service (ETS), a private non-profit organization, which designs and administers the tests. ETS issues official score reports, sent independently to institutions, for two years following the test. Formats and content Internet-based test Since its introduction in late 2005, the TOEFL Internet-based Test (iBT) format has progressively replaced the computer-based tests (CBT) and paper-based tests (PBT), although paper-...